Carrier Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery: Improving Drug Solubility/Bioavailability and Administration Routes
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Abstract
Introduction
The rational design of different drug delivery systems is a progressive interdisciplinary field—that depends on pharmaceutics, chemical science, medicine, polymer science, and molecular biology- that addresses finding the best effective formulation to mediate the desired dose of the drug to the desired site of the action (e.g., unhealthy tissues, tumors), maximizing drug therapeutic efficacy and minimizing side effects. Different factors and parameters must be considered in designing drug delivery systems, including biomaterial properties, route of administration, pharmacokinetics, stability enhancement, the ability of the drug to cross biological barriers, and regulatory aspects, among others.
Carrier systems do not change the fundamental pharmacodynamics properties of a drug with poor water solubility and membrane permeability , but they may change/enhance its pharmacokinetic properties (maximum serum concentration and time to reach it, elimination half-life, among others) to impact its pharmacodynamic performance [1–3]. Poor aqueous solubility of the drug, low permeability, and presystemic clearance are common issues for poor bioavailability. Potential advanced drug delivery systems over single- and multiple-dose approaches must keep the effective concentration of the drug in plasma within the therapeutic window. The way in which a drug is administered can have an important effect on its efficiency. Some drugs have optimal doses for which the efficiency is the highest; lower or higher doses than those considered optimal doses may be hazardous or have no therapeutic effect. The carrier systems can be designed to break down slowly, be selectively delivered to their desired target, and respond to stimuli (e.g., pH or temperature).
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Losada-Barreiro, S.; Celik, S.; Sezgin-Bayindir, Z.; Bravo-Fernández, S.; Bravo-Díaz, C. Carrier Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery: Improving Drug Solubility/Bioavailability and Administration Routes. Pharmaceutics 2024, 16, 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070852